Amayrani Lopez. Mr. Sahr. Honors American Literature. 2

Amayrani Lopez Mr. Sahr Honors American Literature 2 March 2017 The Color Purple Background Information Alice Walker, the author, was born on February 9, 1944 in Eatonton, Georgia. She was the youngest daughter of sharecroppers and grew up poor. When Walker was eight years old, she was shot in the right eye with a BB pellet while playing with two of her brothers. After she got shot in the eye, a whitish scar tissue formed, and she became self-conscious of this visible mark. She found solace in reading and writing poetry. As a child, she attended segregated schools and graduated from high school as valedictorian. She went to Spelman College in Atlanta with the help of a scholarship, but eventually switched to Sarah Lawrence College in New†¦show more content†¦Analysis The Color Purple has really short chapters that are written as letters to God and explains Celie’s hardships in the simplest way possible. Celie expresses her thoughts with poor grammar and spelling, which emphasizes the point that Celie isn’t educated. This is shown when Celie says â€Å"He wake up while I’m in the field. I been chopping cotton three hours by time he come. Us don’t say nothing to each other† (Walker 26). In the beginning, Celie’s letters discuss topics briefly rather than being developed in long paragraphs. After Nettie and Celie reconnect, Celie’s letters get longer and more detailed. She expresses her joy by writing more. It also shows how she feels entitled to express her feelings more than she did before. Next, the setting affects how the characters act. Because the setting is in rural areas of the South and Celie is a poor black women, her bad treatment is ignored, and she has little exposure to education or the outside world. Celie lives most of her life very isolated and ignorant. Celie starts to learn more about herself and the world from people who enter into her life from different worlds than hers. Shug Avery comes from the city, where she lives a liberated life. Celie leaves home and goes with Shug to Memphis, where she also becomes more liberated. Celie’s world is expanded due to her sister’s travels in Africa. Living a poor life in the South, Celie never considered her African heritage until she finds Nettie’s letters

Julius Caesar Not a Great Leader Essay - 704 Words

The driving forces in the play Julius Caesar are the characters Marcus Brutus, Julius Caesar, and Marc Antony. Julius Caesar is the center of the ordeal of leadership in Rome when the play begins. When Caesar returns to Rome he is looked upon by the fickle plebeians as a glorious and triumphant hero. The authority of his heroism is questioned when the honorable Marcus Brutus speaks to the townspeople during Caesar’s funeral. Brutus proves to be the better leader for Rome rather than Caesar or Antony. Brutus is wiser and more honorable than the other Romans. He was the only one truly looking out for the good of Rome and not himself. Julius Caesar is thought of as the most powerful and glorious ruler to step foot in Rome. The only thing†¦show more content†¦He compares Caesar to a serpent in an egg which he must kill before it hatches. Brutus knows that Caesar is gaining too much power too quickly and it must come to an end. He shows his belief in a republic government by saying, â€Å"We all stand up against the spirit of Caesar / And in the spirit of men there is no blood (II.i. 180-181). Cassius is a character who is jealous of Caesar’s power and also wants it to end. He forms a group of conspirators who are against Julius Caesar. He persuades Brutus to help him and the other conspirators to kill Caesar during the ides of March. Brutus joins but only due to his love for Rome and its people. He proves this by saying Let us be sacrificers, but not butchers, Caius. (II.i. 179). This also proves his love for Caesar because he wants to kill him with some sort of honor. Brutus wants the citizens to look at him not as a murderer but for someone who cares for his country. He expresses his ideas toward the stabbing by saying , â€Å"If then that friend demand why Brutus rose against Caesar, this is my answer-not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more (III, ii, 17-19). Marc Antony is known in the play as the right hand man of Juli us Caesar. After the death of Caesar, Antony is outraged and sad about the death of his dear friend. He wants revenge with the conspirators for what they have done. He asks Brutus, knowing he is an honorableShow MoreRelatedJulius Caesar : A Great Leader1074 Words   |  5 PagesGaius Julius Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar, hereinafter Julius Caesar or Caesar, lived from 100 BC to 44 BC in Ancient Rome. Julius Caesar was an accomplished military general and skilled politician, who is credited with ending the Roman Republic and ushering in the age of Roman emperors. Julius Caesar’s father’s side of the family was part of the original founders of Rome, so he had the birth pedigree, although he lacked personal wealth that was typical of many of the nobles. His mother’s family wasRead MoreJulius Caesar : A Great Leader1718 Words   |  7 Pagesin my village where Julius Caesar is fighting to take over Gaul and also to be king. Caesar had spent his days campaigning in Rome, he had all the credentials to be king the only thing that was missing was the actual title of being named king. As I walk the streets in Gaul, I can see the army of Caesar appearing more and more, he is a great military leader and is taking over Gaul more each day that goes by. The people of Gaul can see promise with being taken over by Caesars army, we will be givenRead MoreThe Death of Julius Caesar, a Great Leader1034 Words   |  4 Pages Julius Caesar was a great leader of Rome. Not only did he lead a very strong army, but his people also loved him. The debate is always should he have been killed or should he have lived and lead us to more victories. The first document that was used in the debate is a primary source. It’s called De Vita Caesarum, Divus Iulius. The document is a biography of Julius Caesar and his life. Suetonius wrote the biography. Suetonius was a roman historian who wrote about the Roman Empire. It was writtenRead MoreThe Greatest Military Leaders Of The Great, Julius Caesar, George Washington Essay1681 Words   |  7 Pages Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, George Washington, these names are some of the most renowned in world history and are associated with great leaders. Specifically, they are considered the greatest military leaders of all time. Military leaders are probably the most romanticized type of leader, often becoming folk heroes. Leaders can be found in politics, businesses, organizations, and sports teams; their effectiveness can all be determined and explained by using the same leadership concepts asRead More Julius Caesar Essay1083 Words   |  5 Pagesgood king or ruler? Julius Caesa r is one of the most famous rulers of all time. He was one of Rome’s greatest and most powerful leaders. His changes to the empire helped take Rome to new levels of success. The life of Caesar was short, yet great. It is important to learn about this great man and his many accomplishments. Gaius Julius Caesar was born on July 13th, 100 B.C. to a poor, Patrician family in Rome (â€Å"Julius Caesar†; Gruen 12). For most of his young life, Caesar lived in an apartmentRead MoreWhy Augustus Caesar was a Better Ruler than Julius Caesar652 Words   |  3 Pagesgreatest leaders of Rome are without a doubt Julius Caesar and Augustus Caesar. These two men have defined leadership for a country. Many other countries have modeled their ethics and used them as their own to better themselves as a whole. Without these two men, our world would not be the same in just about every way. Although these two men were both great, one of them was better than the other. Although Julius Caesar was a dominant leader, Augustus Caesar was certainly the better leader. Julius CaesarRead MoreMarc Antony1183 Words   |  5 Pagescitizens. Many leaders strive to reach being one of the people’s greatest leaders, but many fail. However, there is one in particular who was capable of achieving the position of being known as ‘one of the people’s greatest leaders’. Marc Antony, who served with Julius Caesar, was known as one of the people’s greatest leaders for being a warrior, being considerate, achieving great power and appointed a part of the government. Marc Antony is known as one of the people’s greatest leaders because heRead MoreEssay on Compare/Contrast Julius Caesar to Alexander the Great1013 Words   |  5 Pagesrange of great people; two of the most brilliant and influential leaders were Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar. The turning points in history they were involved in were their individual conquests and their unfortunate deaths. Alexanders greatest victory was over the Persians; Caesars greatest victory was his defeat of Pompey. Their actions and beliefs had their influence on their society and society of today. Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar set the standard of what a leader shouldRead MoreJulius Caesar and Napoleon Bonaparte1340 Words   |  6 PagesJesse Guadagno Ryan Biracree College Writing 11/4/12 Julius Caesar and Napoleon Bonaparte This world has seen many great leaders and emperors but two of them standout a little more than the others. Their names are Julius Caesar and Napoleon Bonaparte. Both men were highly respected and greatly feared. They also ran great empires that spanned over thousands of miles. They wanted to rule and conquer anything they could. They have many similarities and differences in the wayRead MoreEssay on Julius Caesar951 Words   |  4 PagesEarly life Julius Caesar was born on July 13, 100 B.C. Though he was a descendent of the oldest patrician family, Julius Caesar grew up in a very poor district of Rome called Subura. As a child, he studied martial arts, history, and law (â€Å"Julius Caesar†). At the age of seventeen, Julius married Cornelia, the daughter of Luciussulla, who was a dictator of Rome. Because Luciussulla did not approve of the marriage, he tried to force the two to divorce, but they both refused. Julius Caesar studied

Analysis of “The Metamorphosis” Free Essays

According to Sokel, he refers to this as an intrinsic drive that comes from someone. One must work hard and be determined on everything that he anticipates to realize. He should not entirely depend on the external forces or commands from external sources to make him go through. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of â€Å"The Metamorphosis† or any similar topic only for you Order Now He highlights the Marxist idea that someone only appears to be a true human being who can be recognized in the society when he can be positively rewarded by the works of his hands. Whenever he is imposed by the economic necessity, the work cannot actually make him became alienated because he would be engaged with other people, which is already an agent of socialization. He does not become himself as an individual; rather, he is alienated from his humankind. In this short analysis, the metamorphosis, the protagonist might become a wrong person. When Gregor works as a salesperson, he has a lot in his mind. Things might not be adding up according to him because he has to travel long distances to get customer, he has to pay his bills; he also has to take good care of this family. All these burden mounted on him does not make him happy. For this reason, he has to remain alone and except himself from the company of many. The paper will look into this issue through citation of Kafka`s depiction on the way in which the protagonist react to the idea leading his family into the misfortune. He eventually suffer the guilt of conscience which by all means dismisses Marx`s assertion that loss of humanity can also come from external sources like work mates and family members. International Journal of Arts and Sciences CD-ROM ISSN: 1944-6934 2017 Volume 09, Number 04From the journal, Palvos states that dangling among the vicissitudes in the world without harmony accomplishes a great blow to one`s moral identity. In life, every turn a fatality that has nothing to do with an incorrigible personal law and ethical countenance. If this happens, ones hope and determinations are all shuttered and his life remains without a meaning. Gregor`s self alienation and humiliation is suggestive of the modern dilemma of human beings in the technological period of machines who brute facts and information systems. This analysis points through and through to the reality of material existence and the possibilities of its fall, consequently moves toward the complete subversion of an ethical universe. From a responsible man who could take good care of his family to someone who is mentally tortured and only feels comfortable when he isolates himself from other people. Gregor’s metamorphosis from a civilized man into a horrific and monstrous vermin, an instinctual underworld character with an almost automatic nature, and finally to a simple bit of matter, turns him into an antagonist who upsets all the instincts of life. Indeed, Kafka’s criminal world vermin gives rise to a deep and stifled impulse in modernity, to the gradual spiritual death of the human, a metamorphosis par excellence of the human substantiate that overrides all instinctual and hermeneutical bound. When the mental capability of human being fails to reason, he is recognized as a worthless being that is at par reasoning with all animals. Henceforth, the humiliated modern human -uprooted beyond bound. When one is stripped of all ethical purposefulness, he no longer possesses the moral entity given to thinking and questioning. He is called to de facto accept and obey the mastermind of pretence techno capital reality, and, the geophysical enterprise of its dully respect.Miyamoto, Kaori. â€Å"Erich Fromm’s theory of alienation.†University of Massachusetts Amherst, February 2014, pp. 1-47. Positive factors of freedom sometimes blind many people. Myamoto emphasized on this statement by saying that most of the rich and modernized societies today have a lot of freedom and they enjoy it extremely without sensing the side effects associated with the freedom. The societies have failed in looking at the two sides of the coin. He goes by saying that alienation is a side effect associated with the freedom which most of us have failed to look into with a lot of concern. He support his claim by citing Enrich Fromm`s concept of alienation. He says that the relation of human being is very pivotal especially to those who are alienated. Those alienated should be put close to other people. Being alone to people is not enough, but it should be in all dimensions, through feelings, thoughts and even actions. This source identifies alienation as one of the side effect of identification of human being. Kafka`s protagonist, Gregor is very potential and cooperative in providing to the family. He shows all the ability of taking care of his parents. However, at some points, he alienates himself from the family, an aspect of perpetuated by the ended gratitude and concordat he previously got from them. Because of the isolation, he cannot be identified as someone who is financially stable and can take good care of the family.Nicolae, Cristina. â€Å"Franz Kafka’s metamorphotic prison: the door and the window.† Studia Universitatis Petru Maior, Philologia 18, 2015, p. 143- According to Nicolae, he makes his argument to the modern family where one appears to be insignificant or cannot realize his life dreams. He argues that the fact that Gregory stays benevolent makes him appear someone who is finally alienated and spends most of his time alone even without the family knowing his whereabouts. Gregor is portrayed as one who cannot be recognized in the society and he struggles with his loneliness at work place where he decided to seek new identity. At one point, the protagonist identifies himself with a creature which does not make him associate in the light; he rather has to hide himself in the darkness. Actually, being rejected makes one loose his value and becomes worthless before other people. In this regard, this source proves resourceful in identifying the change in Gregor which is from metal to physical level because of the challenge he gets while dealing with his family. From the outlook, Gregor does no change his moral standing irrespective of all the humiliations that he comes across. According to this source, morality is a factor in Gregor`s alienation after being neglected by the family. The social strength which is acquired by the family proves a lot of dehumanization as they draw the attention they originally had for Gregor. Yaron, Idan and Herzog, Omri (2013). â€Å"Kafka’s ruins in popular culture: A story of Metamorphosis.† Journal of Popular Culture 46:5, 1092-106.According to Yaron, maintaining culture in the society is very important. Culture helps in preserving the codes of conduct that governs good stay in the community. One who alienates himself from the culture has no positive contribution to the society. According to him, Gregor commits no crime towards anyone only that he was not true to himself and there was nothing that amazing that could make him alienate himself the other people. The split that he experiences in his personality, his deepest struggle and abandoning the culture includes everything taking place within him. However, most people who do not experience such things do not know about it. They can either choose to ignore or deny it. Gregor out rightly bears no illusion about the metaphysical chasm that encircles him and the isolation it brings from those around him who are his equals but do not know it. This gulf is not alienation from his family and the hypocrisy of his relations to them both prior and after the metamorphosis, but is the isolation where a disillusioned man who awakens to a radical awareness of his own mortality suffers the awful experience of separation from others. The separation is actually against the culture. The culture does not allow one ton separate from others irrespective of the situation, however, this takes place because of what he feels in his innermost heart. His corporeity points to his mortality which makes the inhuman world his master. Gregor’s inhuman world is as incomprehensible to human reason and sensibility as is death; it is far more human and humane than the reality of the people surrounding him who have denied their own mortality. Modernity and the existential metaphysics of life and death in kafka’s metamorphosis pavlos e. michaelides (2017) university of nicosia, CyprusFollowing the customs of our world, and according to the laws of habit and self-complacency, it would be beyond the bounds of scientific innovation for us to wake one morning and find ourselves transformed into colossal insects. Grego`s metamorphosis touches a deep, unappreciated, and anguishing reality in life. This is nourished by sources which are deeper than those of cogent reflection and scientific knowledge. Our personal existence can sometime lead us to horrifying and most anguishing discovery. This points out that the transitory nature of our lives and places can absolutely have great demand on our moral nature to reconcile with its true temporal dimensions. In this plinth, Gregor is doomed from the beginning. His far-reaching transformation into vermin is just physical and irrevocably. Later, it fully becomes impossible for him to reconcile the radical discontinuity between his newly discovered physical structure and his prior human self. The sudden awakening to the devastating discovery of his metamorphosis even brings backfire of his daily expectations with a terrifying inability not to achieve them again. His former self remains qualitatively unchangeable, indeed throughout the story is mostly baffled helplessly trying to adjust to radical change. Despite the tremendous effort that he puts, he ultimately finds it impossible to cope or bridge the gap between an unbridgeable void, which makes his insect like physical structure and the retaining of meaningful human identity. How to cite Analysis of â€Å"The Metamorphosis†, Papers

Corporate Finance Of The Organization - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Finance Of The Organization. Answer: INTRODUCTION In todays management system of organisations, capital budgeting plays an important part as all long term risks in investments and expenditures can be calculated by applying different techniques and analysis(Creative Commons, 2012). By making a proper planning and evaluation, overall costs of operations in company are reduced and avoids under or over investments. Capital budgeting provides an essential tool for the management and gives a wide scope for managers to make analysis of project costs and their significance for the company. There are several techniques which are considered by managers while making capital budgeting for the company(Edupristine, 2017). Some of the traditional and modern ways those are followed while budgeting are shown in the following figure. Figure: Techniques for Capital budgeting Source: (Kumar, 2016) Capital budgeting techniques is essential tool while making analysis of larger projects. Some limitations have been identified by researchers while following traditional methods and to manipulate unfavourable projects, superior tools are required. While evaluating projects, evaluators may arise to ask questions relating cash outflows following payback dates and time required to recover those cash flows or what shall be the NPV after calculating discount rates. Thus well improved and related evaluation techniques has to be considered to make appropriate assumptions like Sensitivity analysis, scenario analysis, simulation techniques and break-down analysis. These are few modern techniques which are used by the financial management of todays business and to understand these tools, a detailed research have been made in this paper to provide assistance to managers while preparing capital budgets for the company(Lawrence, n.d.). SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS Sensitivity analysis is one of the management tools that are used to analyse organisations scenarios to evaluate crucial and non crucial variables on the net profits of the company. Sensitivity analysis is also used by management while decision making to ascertain possible relationship between components of proposed ventures involvement in profitability, liquidity and working capital of the company. To determine the receptiveness of net present value (NPV) to variables those are utilised for calculating it is the main task of sensitivity analysis along with measuring risks. This is due to the process of evaluating investment prospects using NPV is supported by assumptions based on forecasting, therefore making it tentative. Sensitivity analysis can also measure the changes in variables and assumptions that can bear force on bottom lining of cash flow and profiteering of venture. Managers can have an idea about ventures success for the business while evaluating the assurance of resour ces for new project. Some professionals also assumes sensitivity analysis as risk assessment tool and claims that since this method is based on assumptions, ambiguity into investments is probable while incorporating this tool in decision making(Pannel, 2017). Sensitivity analysis carries simple features and uncomplicated theory unlike other accounting theories where there is a need for detailed study. This theory identifies crucial areas while attaining organisational goals as stated in vision of the company statement and thus helps managements in concentrating while discharging duties to the employees. It also helps in identifying susceptible areas which can be directly scrutinized. The data processed while making analysis can enable professional judgement while allocating managerial responsibilities. Sensitivity analysis softwares that are available in the market can perform calculations in simpler and fast manner by putting in the variables and getting results that can help in making quick decisions. Thus by evaluating future results, the management can give attention in implementing eminence control to determine the success in their investment on ventures. The weakness sensitivity analysis contains is that it is not fundamental in nat ure as it judges only changes made in variables. Taking into account the possibility of changes in variables are not made in analysis. Thus sensitivity analysis alone cannot judge and make final decisions in budgeting and provides only the informations that can be interpreted in further analysis(Chinweike, 2013). BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS Break-Even analysis is one another important tool used by managers to evaluate economic viability of new venture. The point in which profits are equal to costs is called the breakeven point and at that time no profit or loss is assumed. It can also be interpreted in sales i.e. break even sales unit required to cover overall costs. Sales which are found below cost levels are resulted losses and sales above cost levels are deemed profits made by company. Not always breakeven point is determined in producing products to cross sales level but sometimes certain profit returns are desired in investments. If it is not realised then selling substantial amount of products may result in assuming loss for the company(Holland, 1998). Thus breakeven can prove an effective tool in making decisions regarding quantity of goods to be produced in new venture to gain revenue. Fixed costs and variable costs are utilised in making break-even analysis in which fixed costs are those overhead costs those ar e invariable and does not change even if there is a change in output level. Variable costs are opposite in nature and changes with level of outputs and are inconstant and frequently settled on per unit base. The meeting in breakeven point after assuming fixed selling price and fixed variable costs determines the actual profits and cost of production by deducting selling price and variable costs. The regular shifting in costs relating sales and variables makes inconstant results in calculating break-even points which makes the process difficult at decision making stage. Thus break-even shall be calculated on customary basis so that any reflection in costs and prices is recognised and maintained immediately by adjusting the process. The following graph can explain the actual breakeven point meeting. Figure: Break-Even Point Source: (Linda, 2017) In the above figure the horizontal lines shows fixed costs that are constant and lines on the top are variable costs that relates volume and increment and decrement in production and sales. Total costs can be summed up by adding them and the revenue line that starts from zero depicts the sales figure at certain price and quantity. The point at which total costs and revenue lines meet is the break-even point. Many new ventures face losses at the early stages when the breakeven points are on below level and to know the price and quantity it is important to evaluate critically during the decision making time so that losses are analysed before handed. This analysis can help in evaluating short term companys goals and since cost analysis is mandatory it focuses in keeping association between manufacturing and selling. One drawback that breakeven analysis is that claim is supposed to be inelastic and states that high price will make profit curvature steeper and lesser the breakeven point. There are times when customers agrees in paying high rates but the conditions may depend on other factors like alternative availability and cost of switching products. Therefore break even analysis is helpful in assuming the volume of sales and revenues but not demand in products or services of new venture(Tsorakidis, n.d.) SCENARIO ANALYSIS Scenario analysis is a strategic tool to analyse decisions after considering several factors and probable outcomes. This tool is not a prognostic method but an analytical management tool to manage business ambiguity. For example it can reflect how NPV would fluctuate under elevated or stumpy inflations by investments. It can also help managers to make out actual amount of outcomes that can be realised. Scenario analysis can be further differentiated into three scenarios i.e. base case, worst case and best case that depends on the circumstances of the scenarios. Decision making is a complex process and to make investment budget decisions is the most delicate and significant part as long term implications depends entirely on it(Brzakovi?, 2016). On other hand it can also be said that budgeting process is unpredictability of cash flow of ventures while relating to cash flow expectation. The major risk factors associated in budgeting are determined in scenario analysis as any sensitivity to change in major factors and possibility of their changes are analysed. If the factors in venture is of interdependent nature, an insight into its amalgamation of factors are provided by scenario analysis that also shows how can the venture look dissimilar in other scenarios. Thus it is widely utilised by several companies to evaluate projects budget decisions. It allows allocating possibilities to different cases, as mentioned above, and find out the expected result and paradigm in divergence of ventures NPV for getting enhanced knowledge of risk that are related to venture. The stages while making scenario analysis is shown in the following figure that are used by managements while making budget decisions. Figure: Stages in scenario analysis Source: (Jackson, 2010) Scenario analysis allows altering variables and can generate several combined effects while making amendments on NPV and hence can bring in the likelihood of changes among key factors. The initial base analysis shows that the venture is satisfactory but when multiplied by different scenarios, the possibility of NPV for each scenario by adding to the product is expected to be higher than the NPV of the base case scenario. Wide range of possibilities is and considered while making initial budgeting and any negative value recommends that the venture is risk oriented. Since scenario analysis normally shows higher risks, to accept the venture or not becomes questionable for the managers. Thus simulation analysis shall be carried to find acceptable answer. SIMULATION TECHNIQUE Simulation techniques utilises numerical data to stature the standard outcome of scenario analysis. Different statistical inputs like inflation rate, market risk, etc. are distributed and estimated by running simulations to check the way they changes according to their distributions and ultimate affects. The estimated output is found out after averaging the statistical data outputs. Simulation techniques are used widely where multiple inputs changes constantly which can also be unrelated. Simulation analysis are also used for estimating bond prices but are majorly used while making initial budgeting i.e. the base case(DENT, 2012). Management utilises statistical methods when accounts becomes complex and all interconnected factors those affects financial outcomes becomes inflexible. This method deciphers problems by stimulating the highlighted processes and calculates the average outcome of the method(Ray, 2014). Simulation technique can be further divided into two phase in which fact ual system is build and then research is made on that model. The phase of modelling can prove useful as it helps in gaining enhanced perceptive of the formation and its process in complex systems. The experimental phase of simulation technique is also beneficial as inter related and sequential aspects of complicated methods can be integrated in the model. Simulation techniques does not solves models like other linear and dynamic programming techniques and thus this technique is not used for defining process of most favourable operational strategy. This technique can stimulate several sources of improbability like market changes, default risk, inflation, etc. which affects the company portfolio or budget investments and estimates a representative value. On the other hand it can also be said that this technique helps in finding the average outcome after alteration is made in the inputs. For using simulation techniques, many computer software packages are utilised by the managers in wh ich NPVs are calculated by picking randomly selected variables and then calculates mean and standard deviation. This mean or standard deviation value is used by managers to determine the expected NPV of new venture and risk associated in them. This technique is more precise as compared to sensitivity analysis as sensitivity analysis utilises restricted number of cases(Montazer, 2003). CONCLUSION Thus by utilising different techniques and analysis tools, managers can gain the opportunity of reducing risks and revaluate decisions about their ventures. It helps managers to decide whether to invest in new projects or to terminate any existing unprofitable project. In this research paper the techniques utilised for risk determination in capital budgeting and to evaluate future prospects of projects have been stated(Karanovic, 2010). These can give managers a platform to make a selection of alternative techniques according to their project. By predicting cash flow values, mangers can predict analysed risks and also make out decisions after applying different project values to change the estimated risks. Thus they are enabled to decide whether to take a project or not since observations regarding risks and probability are made before implementations(Chambers, 2017). REFERENCES Chinweike, 2013. What is Sensitivity Analysis? [Online] Available at: https://www.accountantnextdoor.com/what-is-sensitivity-analysis/ [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Creative Commons, 2012. Capital Budgeting Decision Making. [Online] Available at: https://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/finance-for-managers/s13-capital-budgeting-decision-mak.html [Accessed 12 September 2017]. DENT, A.W.a.J.B., 2012. THE APPLICATION OF SIMULATION TECHNIQUES TO THE STUDY OF GRAZING SYSTEMS. [Online] Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8489.1969.tb00062.x/pdf [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Edupristine, 2017. Capital Budgeting: Techniques Importance. [Online] Available at: https://www.edupristine.com/blog/capital-budgeting-techniques [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Goran Karanovic, S.B.a.S.B., 2010. TECHNIQUES FOR MANAGING PROJECTS RISK IN CAPITAL BUDGETING PROCESS. [Online] Available at: https://www.econstor.eu/obitstream/10419/49182/1/666054274.pdf [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Holland, R., 1998. Break-Even Analysis. [Online] Available at: https://ag.tennessee.edu/cpa/Information%20Sheets/adc3.pdf [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Jackson, A., 2010. Scenario Analysis: Planning for Uncertain Futures. [Online] Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/8of12/scenario-analysis-planning-for-uncertain-futures [Accessed 12 September 2017]. John C. Chambers, S.K.M.a.D.D.S., 2017. How to Choose the Right Forecasting Technique. [Online] Available at: https://hbr.org/1971/07/how-to-choose-the-right-forecasting-technique [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Kumar, S., 2016. 3 Traditional Methods of Capital Budgeting | Financial Analysis. [Online] Available at: (https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/accounting/capital-budgeting/methods-of-evaluation/3-traditional-methods-of-capital-budgeting-financial-analysis/68012/ [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Lawrence, H., n.d. The Use of Modern Capital Budgeting Techniques. [Online] Available at: https://www.maesc.org/maesc02/FullPapers/b5-1-doc.pdf [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Linda, 2017. Break Even Analysis. [Online] Available at: https://www.essay.uk.com/free-essays/accounting/break-even-analysis.php [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Ali Montazer, K.E.a.H.A., 2003. SIMULATION MODELING IN OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT: A Sampling of Applications. [Online] Available at: https://www.pomsmeetings.org/ConfProceedings/001/Papers/PSC-04.4.pdf [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Nikolaos Tsorakidis, S.P.M.Z.a.C.Z., n.d. Break Even Analysis. [Online] Available at: https://ebooks.bharathuniv.ac.in/gdlc1/gdlc4/Arts_and_Science_Books/commerce/economics/Business%20Economics/Books/Break%20Even%20Analysis.pdf [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Pannel, D.J., 2017. Sensitivity analysis: strategies, methods, concepts, examples. [Online] Available at: https://dpannell.fnas.uwa.edu.au/dpap971f.htm [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Ray, P., 2014. Applications of simulation in Business with Example. [Online] Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/PratimaRay/applications-of-simulation-in-business-with-example [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Tomislav Brzakovi?, A.B.a.J.P., 2016. APPLICATION OF SCENARIO ANALYSIS IN THE INVESTMENT PROJECTS EVALUATION. [Online] Available at: https://www.ea.bg.ac.rs/images/Arhiva/2016/Broj%202/10%20EP%202%202016.pdf [Accessed 12 September 2017].

School Uniforms Essays - Uniforms, School Uniform, Military Uniform

School Uniforms Mandatory uniforms is an answer that some give to stop the recent and alarming rise in violence and drop out rates in our public schools. Those that support uniforms argue that uniforms disguise economic and ethnic backgrounds, so students are no longer jealous of others. The financial burden on parents is lifted. But do uniforms really give all of these benefits? Can just one change in public schools make them so much better? The wearing of uniforms in more of the nation's public schools has been a much-talked about issue recently, with President Clinton and several members of Congress voicing their support. Supporters of school uniforms say social and economic classes would no longer be revealed by students' clothing, schools will have more of a sense of community, and students' self-esteem will improve. Some gang members have hurt or murdered innocent people because of a colored item of clothing they chose to wear. Proponents assert that uniforms will reduce this type of violence in schools and, therefore, make classes safe and orderly. Uniforms have been shown to reduce absentee rates as well. In situations where there are several different financial backgrounds attending the same school students may be under pressure, and possibly ridiculed because of failure to conform to the latest fashion trends. Everybody wearing the same styles of clothes might eliminate that. In response to growing levels of violence in our schools, many parents, teachers, and school officials have come to see school uniforms as one positive and creative way to reduce discipline problems and increase school safety. They observed that the adoption of school uniform policies can promote school safety, improve discipline, and enhance the learning environment. As a result, many local communities are deciding to adopt school uniform policies as part of an overall program to improve school safety and discipline. California, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Louisiana, Maryland, New York, Tennessee, Utah and Virginia have enacted school uniform regulations. Even though social and economic barriers can be torn down, some schools have not had as much success. In fact, implementing mandatory school uniforms can be dangerous because it provides the community with a false sense of security. It is like putting a small bandage on an enormous wound, instead of attempting to find ways to truly deal with the bleeding. Although this can happen, uniforms prove to continue to be a success. In a recent study of uniforms in Georgia Schools, eighty percent of students stated that they did not feel that the uniforms reduced fights and 68.7% felt that uniforms did not help to make them feel a part of school. One argument is that if our society is to ever get past bigotry and prejudices, it is imperative that students learn to accept people that do not dress like them, but others believe that uniforms bring different cultured people together. I believe that uniforms usually help in most areas, but I do not see a huge need for them in Ware County. The greatest effect of the school uniforms would be not having to wear labcoats! I myself would not feel at any way individually squashed if I were made to wear a uniform. Everyone must look at the main issue pertaining to this topic. Our Lives, without our individuality is meaningless. I would be more than willing to wear a uniform to school and be safe and let my personality express my individualism, and be judged for what I am than to be judged and be pput into a life threatening situation for what color I was wearing.

Treaments of chronic pain

Treaments of chronic pain Free Online Research Papers Chronic Pain and the treatments of the Chronic Pain. What is pain? In the definition of Medical Terminology, the root word for pain is algia. So if you think of ailments the end with algia they are referring to something to do with pain(Brooks 2002). If you have ever had pain from a broken bone or surgery that is not the kind of pain I’m referring to. Stipulated by (Seeley, Stephens and Tate 2003) that is acute pain and as your body heals the pain gradually tends to go away. From the Southern Medical Journal the patient’s page by Betsy Allen, MA (2007) she says that chronic pain is totally different. Chronic pain according to an old Anatomy Physiology book that I have that was written by a combination of writers from Idaho State University is Rod Seeley and Trent Stephens and from Phoenix College is Philip Tate(2003) who states that their definition for pain is an important warning sign of a possible potential injurious conditions p476. The pain receptors are stimulated when tissue is injured. If the tissue that is injured heals the pain will go away p476. However, pain itself can be debilitating along with losing the value of providing information about the condition of the body (Stroud, Heapy, Higgins, and Sellinger 2006). Mentioned by the same team of authors the chronic pain that is being referred to as migraine headaches, localized facial pain, or back pain just to mention a few. But then there are AIDS patients, cancer patients, cardiac patients who all also suffer from chronic pain and the list goes on and on (Stroud, Heapy, Higgins, and Sellinger 2006). According to WebMD, the reason for chronic pain is not clear. When you have an injury or illness, certain nerves are affected that send pain impulses to the brain. The brain lets us know that we have pain but sometimes it is undetermined why we have pain, and it may take several types of treatments or combination of several treatments before you (Allen 2007) will actually feel any kind of relief however, people who suffer from chronic pain have become inactive therefore there strength, range of motion and flexibility are all effected but over time some treatments will actually decrease the pain level (Allen 2007). Also focused by (Allen 2007) states that People suffering from chronic pain often feel helpless and hopeless, and they may become dependent on drugs. Found in the ( Wikipedia encyclopedia 2007) says that often chronic pain cannot be cured, it can only be managed well enough to significantly improve the quality of life. So my focus for my paper is that there are a lot of people men and women, old and younger that do actually suffer from chronic pain. So I will state the facts of my findings of different treatments and medication regimen or both that will give relief to chronic pain suffers. Chronic pain is a disorder of the nervous system that persists for months or years and cannot be fully relieved by standard pain medications. It often includes burning, shooting, or shocking sensations (Glenn, Burns 2003). Chronic pain also may cause a problem called allodynia, in which people experience pain from stimuli that are not normally painful, such as a light touch or a breeze, or pain in places other than the area that is stimulated ( Taylor 2007). Also according to (Taylor 2007), there are many different kinds of chronic pain, including central pain, chronic regional pain syndrome (also called reflex sympathetic dystrophy), and peripheral neuropathy. Chronic back pain and conditions like arthritis, TMJ, bursitis, tendonitis, herniated disc, migraine headaches, sciatica, fibromyalgia, whiplash and carpal tunnel syndrome will set off a chain reaction of physical and mental side effects ( Heapy, Stroud. Higgins and Stellinger 2006). Most studies of chronic pain have focused on signals in the spinal cord and in the peripheral nerves, which carry pain messages from the limbs and other parts of the body to the spinal cord. However, recent studies have suggested that the brain not only receives pain signals from the spinal cord but also undergoes changes in neuronal connections that may permanently strengthen its reactions to those signals. Researchers believe these changes are key to the development of chronic pain. Depending on the condition and prognosis of the patient does the doctor determine will kind of treatment will be successful for relief of pain? Also to keep in mind that sometimes it’s a hit a miss type for the doctor until specific tests have been taken to determine what is the cause? (Briley 2004) The patient will ask the doctor for something for the pain. So if you stop and think about it part of the first treatment is conducted by the patient when he/she asks for some kind of medication to help with the pain. (Brown 2003) What is there perception about the pain? Where does it actually hurt? Is it inside the body or on the out side? The only way to really tell what is wrong is to take some tests: x ray or CT scan to determine what it may or may not be. A lot of times they have to look a little deeper. In that case you would need an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) that will give a clearer picture of the injury or possible disease (Brooks 2002). Sometimes it is necessary to inject a dye into the vein to emphasize the area that is causing the pain (Brooks 2002). However, there are lots more but that is another topic. The tests such as: X-rays, CT scan and MRI are just the basics for determining what may be the problem. The doctor may start you out with an anti-inflammatory drug such as: acetaminophen or aspirin, Motrin or ibuprofen, or naproxen (Aleve) to help those with pain, these simple analgesics can help control chronic pain when taken on a regular basis as said from before chronic pain is different in that it persists( Healthscout.com 2007 p1) To deal with Mild pain its best to use acetaminophen or NSAID such as ibuprofen. Mild to Moderate pain its best to use NSAID and a weak opioid such as codeine or darvocet (Stanos 2007). Then of course, for Moderate to Severe pain first line choice is Morphine which is considered the gold standard (Wikipedia 2007). Second line is Oxycodone, Fentanyl in the form of a transdermal patch which has been designed for chronic pain management. Heat therapy is useful for back spasms or other conditions. Some patients find that moist heat works best (Healthscout.com 2007 p2). Physical therapy and exercise, including stretching and strengthening (with specific focus on the muscles which support the spine ( Wikipedia 2007). Manipulation, Acupuncture, and Acupressure which is only done by a licensed Chiropractor, Osteopath, Physical therapist or a Physiatrist (Brooks 2002) which are some of the methods to help relieve pain without drugs. The deep heat ultrasound, and massage therapy is on the up rise for therapy but still does not cure chronic pain. In conclusion the young and old suffer from chronic pain and it may start from acute pain but the longer you have to live with this pain the more it effects the mind and how the pain receptors continue to fire at a faster rate. Medication may slow down the pain receptors but does it actually help with the pain? Physical therapy will relieve the muscles that are affected. However, the strengthening, stretching is best for pain. Dad always said â€Å"no pain no gain†. I have been suffering with chronic pain for 18 years and I did this paper on chronic pain and the treatments to see if the doctors have done everything possible to help with my pain. I have deteriorative disk disease, sciatica in both legs, osteoporosis, and arthritis. I have had two back surgeries and many different procedures. There was physical therapy, chiropractors and lots of different pills, from pain killers, anti-inflammatory, muscle relaxants. Nothing seems to work to the point of tolerance of maybe a normal or semi-pain free life. However, I can say that the combination of several of the different variables makes the pain I experience on a daily basis is tolerable without drug addiction. I do everything for myself but in my time. I learned how to adapt and do things without lifting and bending over. Reference List Allen, Betsy The management of chronic pain. Southern Medical Journal: The Patients Page chronic noncancer pain in the primary care setting). October 2007. [Anonymous]. (2007). Chronic pain syndrome-symptoms, treatment and prevention .Retrieved November 21, 2007, from the World Wide Web: healthscout.com/ency/68/629/main.html [Anonymous]. (2007). Pain management health center Retrieved November 21, 2007, from the the World Wide Web: webmd.com/pain-management/tc/chronic-pain-treatment-overview?print=true Briley M. Clinical experience with dual action antidepressants in different chronic pain syndromes. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical Experimental [serial online]. October 2004; 19:S21-S25. Available from: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, Ipswich, MA. Accessed November 13, 2007. Brooks, Myrna LaFleur R.N., (Ed) Exploring Medical Language Fifth Edition.(2002) Gateway Community College Phoenix, AZ. Mosby Publishing. An Affiliate of Elsevier Science St. Louis, London, Philadelphia, Sydney and Totonto. Brown C. Service user’s and occupational therapists’ beliefs about effective treatments for chronic pain: a meeting of the minds or the great divide?. Disability Rehabilitation [serial online]. October 07, 2003; 25(19):1115. Available From: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, Ipswich, MA. Accessed November 13, 2007. Carlson, Neil R. (Ed.) (2008) Foundations of Physiological Psychology Seventh Edition Boston: Allyn Bacon. Glenn B, Burns J. Pain Self-Management in the Process and Outcome of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Chronic Pain: Evaluation of a Stage of Change Model. Journal of Behavioral Medicine [serial online]. October 2003; 26(5):417. Available from: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, Ipswich, MA. Accessed November 13, 2007. Heapy A, Stroud M, Higgins D, Sellinger J. Tailoring cognitive-behavioral therapy for chronic pain: A case example. Journal of Clinical Psychology [serial online]. November 2006; 62(11):1345-1354. Available from: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, Ipswich, MA. Accessed November 13, 2007. Stanos, S. Appropriate use of opioid analgesics in chronic pain. Journal of Family Practice [serial online]. February 2007; 56:23-32. Available from: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, Ipswich, MA. Accessed November 13, 2007. Seeley, Rod R., Stephens, Trent D., Tate, Philip (2003). Anatomy Physiology, Sixth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education New York, NY. P. 477-490. Taylor, Suzanne. Chronic pain: Nursing Standard; June 13, 2007, Vol. 21 Issue 40, p59-59, 1p [serial online]. Familydoctor.org. A letter to the editor. Accessed November 13, 2007. Research Papers on Treaments of chronic painPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Capital PunishmentGenetic EngineeringThe Fifth HorsemanThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsResearch Process Part OneThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseMind TravelMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

The Development of Private Enterprises in China Essay

The Development of Private Enterprises in China - Essay Example By 1980, economic zones were created that was followed by more in the succeeding years by the clear establishment of Special Economic Zones. In terms of trade, it has implemented decentralized trade system, tax refunds and systematic foreign trade (Galbraith, p.9). The shift from the strict implementation of socialist policies to capitalistic ones was achieved primarily through the loosening of the constraints imposed by the government of the People’s Republic of China which allowed for the growth of the enterprises. This stimulated the businesses that enabled them to seek and work for returns enabled by the economic atmosphere that permitted such. The International Finance Corporation found that the main restrictions that obstruct business growth include access to finance, prejudicial competition, unreliable policy implementation and availability of information. To address these issues, the government introduced various ways to alleviate the problem and continue to do so consistently (Asian Development Bank, p.vii). The realization of these policies serves as an anchor that empowers enterprises to pursue continued growth in the region from the vantage point that was the Open Door Policy. The recognition of the involvement of the private sector in the country’s development was pivotal in clearing the path for acceptable growth. The fear of capitalism overtaking the ideology of Marxism has posed a constant battle to the region. The promotion of market-oriented reform came into being with the slackening toward a new ownership structure from firmly public ownership. â€Å"Since the late 1980’s, private enterprises in China had grown continuously an average rate of more than 30 percent every year since 1992. By the end of 2005, the number of private enterprises was 4.30 million, while total registered capital was 6,133.11 billion RMB, hiring a total of 58.24 million employees. Non-public

What ever intererests you (Restrictions in directions) Research Paper

What ever intererests you (Restrictions in directions) - Research Paper Example Coffee just like many other products has an interesting history; this research focuses on providing a background on where the caffeinated phenomenon begin and what made it loved so much (Pendergrast, 2001). Just like many other products the beginnings of coffee are enveloped in lore and mystery, legend states that the Ethiopian goat herder by the name of Kaldi discovered the crop. Kaldi noticed that his goats had full energy and were flokering soon after eating berries of coffee shrub, when Kaldi tried the same berries he had the same reaction. Later a monk took the berries to his fellow monks who spent the whole night alert and awake which was probably a reaction from the high caffeine found in coffee berries, a stimulant that usually protects the coffee crop from pests. Soon after the two incidents the knowledge about the energizing effects of the coffee berries started spreading all around the world, the word moved east reaching Arabian Peninsula, from there the reputation of the plant spread all around the globe. The Arabs in the Arabian Peninsula began the cultivation of the crop and also were the first to begin the trade of coffee berries, the cultivation of the crop spread around the Arab world fact, by 16th century countries such as Egypt, Turkey Syrian, and Persia cultivated the crop and traded its berries. People did not only drink coffee at homes but also in many of the coffee houses during the period; this coffee houses began appearing in different cities all across the east. As the coffee houses (qahveh kahneh) increased so did the people who frequented these places, the people increased as this was not only a place for drinking coffee, they also engaged in conversation, watched performers and listened to music. The word about the new product kept spreading, to maintain a monopoly of the coffee trade

How did the hurricane Katarina impact the reservation price on the Term Paper

How did the hurricane Katarina impact the reservation price on the housing market in New Orleans, before and after the catastrop - Term Paper Example Almost 80% of New Orleans city was covered with floods. About 1800 people lost their lives to the hurricane; property of $80 billion worth belonging to the Orleanais was damaged, and in August 2005, after the floods swept in, millions of civilians were left with no homes. Hurricane Katrina was graded the sixth among the strongest storms that had ever been experienced and was the costliest. The strength of this storm waved to over 30 deep sea miles and when it was at its extreme, the winds from the hurricane covered more that 75 deep sea miles from the central point moving on to the east side. Over 400,000 employees lost their jobs following hurricane Katrina and this led to the financial crisis suffered by the Gulf Coast. This paper will discuss the effects and impacts on the reservation price on the housing market in New Orleans before and after the catastrophe (Bergal, 2007). Katrina engendered storm outpours and deluges, which in turn led to a 75% area flooding in the metropolitan of New Orleans. More than half of the embankment and failures in the floodwalls were brought into being by overlapping in that, as the storm outpours aggravated farther up the acmes of either or both the embankments and their floodwalls, the subsequent erosions fructified than expected and gave rise to breaches/failures. The most articulate and coherent missteps included the failures that took place on the banks adjacent to the 17th street and London avenue estuaries. These three failures could have resulted from the implosion and inadequacy in part of the basal foundation soil concealing the levees, conjointly with sand boils and sinkholes. According to analysts, Hurricane Katrina caused the death of more than 1,100 Louisiana residents. One third of the incidences of death took place in hospitals and shelters in flooded areas. The drowned victims made up to two thirds and the most of the casualties were elderly people because 60% of the reported cases were those of people aged 65 and over. The number of deaths was higher in areas with large water depths. Hurricane Katrina and the Social Contract Game theory Arguably, if the destruction that New Orleans went through resulted from terrorist attacks, it would have been ranked highest historically (Miller, 2006). This is not as a result of the many innocent lives that were lost or the valuable property that went into destruction, but because of the evident social order destruction in the region. A terrorist envision would bring nothing better than planting seed of hatred and watering them with the blood of innocent citizens, and increasing the mistrust among the government and the citizens in fulfilling their respective duties in the â€Å"social contract†. Socrates arguments gives a clear trace of the social contract concept though scholars like Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and the likes of Rousseau later modernized the concept (Binmore, 1998). To analyses the concept, late 20th century scholars used game-t heoretic reasoning. In this, they concentrated on thee 2*2 matrix games. The most accurate 2*2 game is the â€Å"Stag Hunt†. Taking after Rousseau, it gives a description of developing cooperative effort ideas among human generations. Player 2 Hunt Stag (Cooperate) Hunt Hare (Defect) Player 1 Hunt Stag (Cooperate) 4,4 1,3 Hunt Hare (Defect) 3,1 2,2 What the above Table on Stag Hunt elaborates is the fact that with cooperation, it is easier to realize excellent results that

A Synopsis Of Operating Systems Computer Science Essay

A Synopsis Of Operating Systems Computer Science Essay Many people use computers without knowing how it works. The main software when using the computer is the operating system. The operating system defines all the experience when using a computer; it manages the hardware and software resources of the computer system, provides a way for applications to deal with the hardware without having to know all the details of the hardware, and it is the software that makes all the programs we use work, and it organizes and controls the hardware on our computers. The operating system is the first software we see when we turn on the computer, and the last software we see when the computer is turned off. Its important to know and understand that not all computers have operating systems. For example the computer that controls the microwave oven in your kitchen doesnt need an operating system, it has only simple tasks to perform, very simple input and output methods (a keypad and an LCD screen). For a computer like this, an operating system would not be needed; it will only add things that are not required. Instead the computer in a microwave oven only runs one program all the time. When using computer systems that are more complex than a microwave oven you need an operating system in order for the computer to work. All desktop computers have operating systems. The most common are the Windows family of operating systems, the UNIX family of operating systems and the Macintosh operating systems, and there are hundreds of other operating systems available for special applications. The operating system plays the role of the good parent, making sure that each application gets the necessary resources while playing nicely with all the other applications, as well as husbanding the limited capacity of the system to the greatest good of all the users and applications. Even if a particular computer is unique, an operating system can ensure that applications continue to run when hardware upgrades and updates occur, because the operating system and not the application is charged with managing the hardware and the distribution of its resources. Windows 98 is a very good example of an operating system because it can accommodate thousands of different printers, disk drives and special peripherals in any possible combination. When dealing with computers you need to know what is the best operating system for the tasks you want to perform. There are four different kinds of operating systems. There is a Single-user single task, Single-user multitasking, Multi-user, and Real-time operating system. Its important to understand the differences between multi-user operating systems and single-user operating systems that support networking. Windows 2000 and Novell Netware can each support hundreds or thousands of networked users, but the operating systems themselves arent designed for multi-user operating systems. The system administrator is the only user for Windows 2000 or Netware. The network support and all of the remote user logins the network are enabled, in the overall plan of the operating system, a program being run by the administrative user. Single-user, single task: This operating system is designed to manage the computer so that one user can effectively do one thing at a time. The Palm OS for Palm handheld computers is a good example of a modern single-user, single-task operating system. Single-user, multi-tasking: This is the type of operating system most people use on their desktop and laptop computers today. Windows 98 and the MacOS are both examples of an operating system that will let a single user have several programs in operation at the same time. For example, its entirely possible for a Windows user to be writing a note in a word processor while downloading a file from the Internet while printing the text of an e-mail message. Multi-user: A multi-user operating system allows many different users to take advantage of the computers resources simultaneously. The operating system must make sure that the requirements of the various users are balanced, and that each of the programs they are using has sufficient and separate resources so that a problem with one user doesnt affect the entire community of users. Unix, VMS, and mainframe operating systems, such as MVS, are examples of multi-user operating systems. Real-time operating system (RTOS): Real-time operating systems are used to control machinery, scientific instruments and industrial systems. An RTOS typically has very little user-interface capability, and no end-user utilities, since the system will be a sealed box when delivered for use. A very important part of an RTOS is managing the resources of the computer so that a particular operation executes in precisely the same amount of time every time it occurs. In a complex machine, having a part move more quickly just because system resources are available may be just as catastrophic as having it not move at all because the system is busy. The operating systems tasks, in the most general sense, fall into six categories: Processor management: The heart of managing the processor is related to two things first ensuring that each process and application receives enough of the processors time to function properly, and using as many processor cycles for real work as is possible. The basic unit of software that the operating system deals with in scheduling the work done by the processor is either a process or a thread, depending on the operating system. Memory management: When an operating system manages the computers memory, there are two broad tasks that have to be accomplished first each process must have enough memory in which to execute, and the second it can neither run into the memory space of another process nor be run into by another process, and the different types of memory in the system must be used properly so that each process can run most effectively. The first task requires the operating system to set up memory boundaries for types of software and for individual applications. Device management: device management is the way the operating system works through a set of instructions Storage management: Storage management is Disk storage and it is one of the memory types that must be managed by the operating system, and is the slowest. Ranked in order of speed, and it is divided into three types of memory in a computer system and they are High-speed cache: This is fast, relatively small amounts of memory that are available to the CPU through the fastest connections. Cache controllers predict which pieces of data the CPU will need next and pull it from main memory into high-speed cache to speed up system performance. Main memory: This is the RAM that you see measured in megabytes when you buy a computer. Secondary memory: This is most often some sort of rotating magnetic storage that keeps applications and data available to be used, and serves as virtual RAM under the control of the operating system. Application interface: Just as drivers provide a way for applications to make use of hardware subsystems without having to know every detail of the hardwares operation, application program interfaces (APIs) let application programmers use functions of the computer and operating system without having to directly keep track of all the details in the CPUs operation. Lets look at the example of creating a hard disk file for holding data to see why this can be important. User interface: Just as the API provides a consistent way for applications to use the resources of the computer system, a user interface (UI) brings structure to the interaction between a user and the computer. In the last decade, almost all development in user interfaces has been in the area of the graphical user interface (GUI), with two models, Apples Macintosh and Microsofts Windows, receiving most of the attention and gaining most of the market share. There are other user interfaces, some graphical and some not, for other operating systems. While there are some who argue that an operating system should do more than these six tasks, and some operating-system vendors do build many more utility programs and auxiliary functions into their operating systems, these six tasks define the core of nearly all operating systems. One question concerning the future of operating systems revolves around the ability of a particular philosophy of software distribution to create an operating system useable by corporations and consumers together. Linux, the operating system created and distributed according to the principles of open source, could have a significant impact on the operating system in general. Most operating systems, drivers and utility programs are written by commercial organizations that distribute executable versions of their software versions that cant be studied or altered. Open source requires the distribution of original source materials that can be studied, altered and built upon, with the results once again freely d istributed. The continuing growth of the Internet and the proliferation of computers that arent standard desktop or laptop machines means that operating systems will change to keep pace, but the core management and interface functions will continue, even as they evolve.

Essays --

Animal Testing According to the Foundation for Biomedical Research, â€Å"animal research has had a huge role in almost every major medical related discovery of the past century†. (Jarrett) I believe scientific testing on animals should remain legal, both for human and veterinary health. From blood transfusions to anitbiotics, from chemotherapy to vaccinations, and joint replacement to bypass surgery basically every current day emergency for prevention, treatment, control of disease, pain, and even cure is even based on knowledge achieved through research with lab animals. I believe it should remain legal because, the information we learn from the testing is very helpful, it has helped advancement in products that are used in our everyday lives. â€Å"Animal research and testing has played a part in almost every medical breakthrough of the last century. It has saved hundreds of millions of lives worldwide...† (Ryan) In a survey it has said that 99% of the physicians in the United States, agree that animal research has highly progressed medical research. In fact, almost 97% of those p...